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What Makes Member Entry Into Associations - 877 Words

If you know the requirements for getting in the associations, it will make your life much easier through interacting, external environment, amount of resources, and demographics. The most research question among the three questions that have an impact to me is what explains member entry into associations. Entering any organizations, it’s important to know the demographics, how they operate outside of the environment, and. how much human resources is available for employees. For example, I was volunteering last semester at the All Stars Project. I was called for the interview, and I noticed that most of the people that work there are blacks, between ages 35 and up. During the interview, they asked if I can hand out flyers outside and they replied and said this cannot be done because I am a female. Throughout Newark, any organizations out there are affected by the external environment. I think solidary benefits have an impact on how individuals interact in the association. Accor ding to Powell (2006), the author states that members can join an association in order to make friends with like-minded individuals (p.528). I don’t see how this statement can be reasonable; when I am thinking about it, it’s just like going to a club. I think membership association is a committed organization based on its mission and values. Some of the factors that are discussed in the reading which explains how a person interacts contributing to money for a charitable cause. Three of the factors areShow MoreRelatedHow A Cartel Is A Competitive Market1719 Words   |  7 Pagesformal organization set up by a group of firms that produce and sell homogenous products for the purpose of enacting and sharing monopolistic rents. Their organizations consist of formal agreements between competing firms to control prices or exclude entry of a new competitor in a market. 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Treatment Of Culture Towards More Balanced -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Treatment Of Culture Towards More Balanced? Answer: Introduction International trade, in recent decades has seen an unprecedented growth and Globalization has played a major role in this. Owing to the phenomenon called globalization, the exchange is business has been visible in almost all the countries of the world. The trend has largely contributed to the economic growth of many developing nations by operations the gates of employment to millions of unemployed youth. With great opportunities however, international business brought with it, many impending risks as well. As defined by Kot and Dragon (2015), international business risks refer to the possibility of unfavorable occurrences that a company might encounter while expanding internationally. While international business provides immense profit to a certain company, it also comes with endless risks. Many risks are encountered by multinational companies in operating their business in regions other than their native place. The rise in competition has further escalated the risks and an issue fa ced by the MNCs. Pharmaceutical companies in particular is affected by the risks associated with international business. One of the most prominent effects in recent times, on international business has been the exit of Britain from European Union. The given report provides a thorough analysis of the impacts of international business risks on pharmaceutical companies. The report would specifically analyze the impact on one aspect of the companys global operations, which is its cross-cultural management. The multinational company chosen for the purpose is GlaxoSmithKline. The company is based in Britain and has operations in countries spreading across Asia, America and Europe. The report tries to present elaborately, the importance of cross-cultural management in international business mainly pharmaceutical. The major risks concerning international business include political risk, exchange risk, credit risk, market risk and cultural risk and transport risk. Dinu (2015) has however identified four major risks that MNCs face in business operations. These are commercial risk, financial risk, country risk and cross-cultural risk. In the report, four major risks shall be explained political, commercial, exchange and cross-cultural. Risks associated with international business International business, as already mentioned is abound with risks that confront all transnational or multinational companies. In the pharmaceutical industry in particular, these risks exert an added influence. Jaberidoost et al., (2013), mention that pharmaceutical companies, since they deal with products that are deemed sensitive and cautionary, have to pay extra care while doing international business. However, the focus of this report is to analyze the impact of the risks in the global operations of the company. The major risks as already mentioned include, Political risk Political risks surface due to the unpredictable political incidents. Unstable political environment arising from dangerous political actions; result in increased difficulties for MNCs to operate smoothly. Uncertainties also loom large on the stability of the government that rules a certain country. It thus becomes extremely difficult for a firm to operate smoothly and generate revenues. According to Musacchio, Lazzarini and Aguilera (2015), strict regulations and unprecedented government influence deters the quality of business and leads to increased cases of corruption. Corruption and malpractices especially in the said industry has severe consequences as it concerns human lives as well. One prominent example of political instability affecting international business is Brexit (Pharma.elsevier.com, 2018). Pharmaceutical companies in particular have significantly faced the wrath of Brexit as they are forced to end their operations in Britain since European business is no longer allowed to continue. Exchange risk While doing business in a foreign country, the company has to exchange its currency since each country has its own system of currency. The currency of one country is exchanged in another country at certain rate. This rate of exchange fluctuates at regular interval thus causing loss in business. The case is similar for pharmaceutical companies as well. Often the pharmaceutical companies are faced with the problem of higher expenditure and lower profit owing to exchange risks. Kim and Park (2014), argue that the fluctuating rates of currency exchange hamper a company largely because it disturbs their business planning which they have to redesign in order to meet financial requirements. Commercial risk It refers to the risks associated with fluctuations in the market of a country where the company has its operations. These risks arise when the multinational company makes wrong decisions in choosing partners and executing strategies. MNCs must realize the differences in doing business in alien lands with distinct rules and regulations. The severe competition in the global market demands frequent transformations in business strategies. In case of pharmaceutical companies, as pointed out by DiMasi, Grabowski and Hansen (2016), these commercial risks negatively affect the reputation and thus result in reduced revenues. Cross-cultural risks It is one of the most common risks that affect international business. Operating in a foreign land with a diverse workforce requires exceptional knowledge of multiculturalism. Culture is an aspect that holds great value to any nation and any violation of this result in huge loss for the company. It is one of the reasons most companies nowadays have dedicated a separate department to monitor these issues. Pharmaceutical companies have also employed similar strategies to tackle cross-cultural issues. In views of Ahammad et al., (2016), cross-cultural management is very important in case of pharmaceutical MNCs because any negligence in the timely management might result in conflicts. These conflicts in turn may cause heavy loss to the company. Impacts on pharmaceutical company The previous section briefly highlighted the impact of international business risks on pharmaceutical companies by pointing out certain concerns that confront this industry. In this section, those impacts shall be further explained with evidences from credible sources. Pharmaceutical companies are responsible for manufacturing and selling medicines and other related items to patients and prescribers across the globe. Political instability causes these companies to abandon or abort their operations that not only cause loss to the company but also to the receiver. The company has to be extremely cautious while dealing with medicine and vaccines and possess deep knowledge regarding those as many vaccines and medicines are banned in some countries. According to Dadfar et al., (2013) however, pharmaceutical companies also have the opportunity to benefit from the political conditions prevailing in a country by exerting their influence through lobbying and such tactics. It needs to be mentioned that companies that have the capability to turn risks into advantages have the best chance to sustain in extremely risky environments and profit. Exchange rates determine the economic position of a country and each country makes increased effort to strengthen its exchange rate in order to yield benefits. Constant fluctuations in exchange rates are the result of the growing competition between countries to move ahead in the race. The pharmaceutical industry often fall prey to this fluctuating tendency and faces great loss. Hutson and Laing (2014), point out three particular impacts on pharmaceutical companies that may arise from risks in exchange rates. These are transaction exposure, translation exposure and economic exposure. Transaction exposure comes from the fluctuation effects of exchange rates that compel a company to change its strategies regarding making and receiving payments in foreign currencies in future. Translation exposure refers to the effects exchange rate fluctuations have on the combined financial statements of both original business and foreign subsidiaries. Lastly, economic exposure has an influence on the companys market value. The rapidly expanding market poses great number of opportunities for pharmaceutical companies in addition to all the risks. As per the views of Giuliani et al., (2014), commercial risks faced by pharmaceutical companies arise mostly from the emergence of local markets that present stiff competition to the global brands. The emergence of local markets poses threats in the form of local advantages enjoyed, no pressure of exchange rates, and exemption from taxes and so on. These advantages allow the local brands to gain at a better rate than MNCs. Chandra, Holmes and Skinner (2013) however argue that the most glaring impact of commercial risks on pharmaceutical industry is the significant cuts in healthcare investments in several countries. These reductions in healthcare spending result from slow economic growth and uncertainty. Pharmaceutical is one such industry that has, in one roof, a team of scientists, researchers, developers, system analysts, lawyers, managers and others (Forbes.com, 2018). Therefore, it becomes extremely complex for the management team to organize and manage the vivid workforce. Training in cross-cultural management has become an integral part of an organization because it ensures profit through effective cross-cultural communication. With such a variety of individuals working together in pharmaceutical industry, the effect of cross-cultural risks becomes more evident. Contractor (2013), states that the industry demands competence in cultural management because of the diverse group of people that work in it. In particular, the pharmaceutical MNCs are the most affected when it comes to handling cross-cultural workforce. The MNC culture demands constant interactions with people from various cultures and this often leads to miscommunication and poor results in turn. Overview of GlaxoSmithKline GlaxoSmithKlineis a pharmaceutical company based in Britain. The companys headquarters is situated in Brentford, London. The company was established in the year 2000 when Glaxo merged with SmithKline. However, this company is considered one of the largest pharmaceutical companies ranking sixth in the world. The company has been improved after Emma Walmsley becameits CEOin March 2017. She is the first female CEO of GlaxoSmithKline. According to the data published in the annual report of the company, its vaccines and drugs have earned more than 1.5 billion pounds in the global markets (Annualreport.gsk.com, 2018). On the other hand, the consumer products of the GSK such as Aquafresh, Horlicks, nicotine replacements and Sensodyne have earned more than 5.2 billion. The company mainly aims to introduce distinguished, high quality as well as needed healthcare products to more people throng their global business. First, the company has a wide portfolio of advanced and established medicinal products. The company recently focused on the development of new medicines to support respiratory and infectious diseases, immune-inflammation and oncology. It has conducted diverse research to explore these areas. The vaccine business of the company has an extensive portfolio through which the company reaches a considerable number of people through its innovative pipeline of vaccines. These vaccines aim to protect people of all age groups. It delivers more than two million doses of its vaccine each day to the patients living in approximately 150 countries. The third section of its business focuses on the healthcare business for the average consumers that develops as well as markets numerous brands possessed by the company. The brands are recommended by the expe rts that categorizes in the areas of oral health, respiratory, pain relief, skin health and nutrition. The company has proved to be one of the most innovative and best performing healthcare companies, which the patients trust. The company has three basic priorities such as innovation, performance and trust. The company invests in technical as well as scientific excellence to develop a more advanced supply of new products. This will meet all the requirements of the patients, consumers and payers. The company aims to achieve an industry leading growth by means of effective investment in its core business. In addition to this, the company aims to develop the people associated with the company and deliver the service flawlessly (Gsk.com, 2018). Including these, GlaxoSmithKlinecommits to ensure quality, reliability and safety in all sections of the process and products. The company is a modern employer that focuses to build trust through its approach for engagement in progressing global health. The company believes that the governance structure that the company follows, underpins its ability for delivering the Group strategy that can easily grow in a diversified business like its own business. This enables the company to deliver more products of value. Including this, this particular governance structures amplifies the operating model that the company currently follows. GlaxoSmithKline is transparent in its business methods. The company publishes details on its Board Committees along with non-Board Committees, its shareholder information, ethical conduct as well as services it provides, global compliance and the contact details for its UK or US offices. Despite these facts, the company has numerous issues in its organizational culture that has led to business risks. Cross-cultural management It can be seen from the annual reports of most pharmaceutical giants that no company is safe from the risks of international business. GSK, one of the giants of the pharmaceutical industry, too suffers from the risks of international business. Managing global operations is a daunting task for any company including GSK (Tarasanski, 2017). Many facets of global operations are there that include other than cross-cultural management diversity in workforce, examining changing rules and regulations in other countries, updating global business information and so on. Stahl and Tung (2015), comments that the cultural dimension is the most significant part that gives an extra edge to any organization. The cultural management that determines the international business relations can be better understood by two of Hofstedes cultural dimensions that include power distance index and uncertainty avoidance. Power distance index refers to the culture of acceptance of superiority of others without qu estioning it. The country that scores high on this index demonstrates this quality. Uncertainty avoidance refers to the rejection of anything new and innovative. Countries that score high on this index are considered culturally closed that is they do not welcome change or anything new (Bondy and Starkey, 2014). GlaxoSmithKline is based in London where the culture is quite open innovations are welcomed and appreciated. However, in majority of countries where it operates, there is minimum acceptance of new ideas. Risks related to international business have huge impact on the cross-cultural management of GSK. Managing over one million employees in more than forty countries is evidently an operation that requires extreme skill, energy and time. According to Gollnhofer and Turkina (2015), political risks also contribute towards cultural imbalance in a company that is evident form GSKs case. The author put forth the case of Brexit, which were a political decision and its glaring impact on pharmaceutical companies in the UK. With the announcement of Britains exit from the EU, GSK is estimated to lose a good portion of its employees who hail from other European countries. However, Brexit is less likely to affect the revenues generated by GSK as the pound sterlings fall in link to the dollar is pro bably going to benefit the company, believed GSK officials. Focusing on cross-cultural aspect of GSKs global operations, although Brexit has affected its employee figures, it has certainly not hampered cross-cultural management in countries outside Europe. The company has directed its attention towards Asia, one of worlds fastest emerging markets of pharmaceutical that has the potential to yield unmatched profit. In order to rule the market however, GSK has to consider the risks related to government and industry regulations, societal regulations and most importantly, cultural regulations. Wang and Chung (2013), believes that the perfect strategy to win in Asia is to develop a workforce and an organizational culture that has the closest affinity to the regions culture. Cross-cultural aspect of global operations managed in GSK is further affected by the market risks faced by the pharmaceutical industry in the global market (Bremmer, 2014). Multinational companies have to go through lengthy processes to have access to an international market and then they have to adjust with the culture of that region. After going through all these, they have to focus on expenditure and revenue. With the emergence of local markets, these MNCs have to be always on their toes. Recommendations Although every firm faces business risks common to all, but multinational companies face risks that are unique and challenging, as already mentioned. In case of pharmaceutical MNCs like GlaxoSmithKline, the risks are further escalated by the industrys complex operations. In order to survive in the competitive global market, the company has to consider all the implications of the risks mentioned above. Cavusgil and Knight (2015), is of the view that the global economy is ever growing and multinational companies have abundant scope to develop given they mitigate the risks with proper strategies. Several ways are there to tackle risks while doing business globally. Some recommendations are given below that can be followed by GSK to manage business risks: It is recommended that the company should possess a legal base as an alternative if business processes are disturbed, by doing advance negotiation for compensation. Apart from that, the company can also opt for acquiring political risk insurance. It is recommended that the company should choose a production site that is low-cost so that wages could be managed easily in order to tackle financial risks. Currency risks can be managed by utilizing certain strategies such as option contracts and forwards and currency swaps. In order to tackle cross-cultural risks, GSK should develop advanced training for its employees to communicate properly with people from differing cultures. Managing operations in country that has a totally opposite culture is complicated and complex at the same time. Hence, the company must train its native employees. It is further recommended that GSK should adopt an alternative plan to retain its multicultural staff in case any political decision forces the company to sack them as it was seen in case of Brexit (Lavery, 2017). Conclusion It is thus evident from the above discussion that managing and maintaining international business in the face of such risks is very difficult. The report mentions one aspect of global operations for the pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline, which is cross-cultural management. It is a well-known fact that international business involves cross-cultural management and it is the most complex part of the company to manage. GSK boasts of more than a million employees working in over forty countries possessing different nationalities. In addition, the company disseminates medicines and vaccines to more than 150 million patients worldwide. Hence, it is evident from the facts that GSK deals with people from different cultures in its daily operations. The report elaborates the impact of international business risks that include political, commercial, exchange and cultural risks on GSK, which is a multinational pharmaceutical company. A brief description of the risks is provided in the report f ollowed by the types of international risks and their affect. The report further provides an overview of the company and its issues relating to cross-cultural management. The different risks and their influence on GSK have also been provided in the report. The report further mentions various recommendations that the company should follow in order to deal with these risks. References Ahammad, M. F., Tarba, S. Y., Liu, Y., Glaister, K. W. (2016). Knowledge transfer and cross-border acquisition performance: The impact of cultural distance and employee retention.International Business Review,25(1), 66-75. Annualreport.gsk.com. (2018).GSK Annual Report 2016.Annualreport.gsk.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018, from https://annualreport.gsk.com/ Bondy, K., Starkey, K. (2014). The dilemmas of internationalization: Corporate social responsibility in the multinational corporation.British Journal of Management,25(1), 4-22. Bremmer, I. (2014). The new rules of globalization.Harvard Business Review,92(1), 103-107. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G. (2015). The born global firm: An entrepreneurial and capabilities perspective on early and rapid internationalization.Journal of International Business Studies,46(1), 3-16. Chandra, A., Holmes, J., Skinner, J. (2013).Is this time different? The slowdown in healthcare spending(No. w19700). National Bureau of Economic Research. Dadfar, H., Dahlgaard, J. J., Brege, S., Alamirhoor, A. (2013). Linkage between organisational innovation capability, product platform development and performance: The case of pharmaceutical small and medium enterprises in Iran.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(7-8), 819-834. DiMasi, J. A., Grabowski, H. G., Hansen, R. W. (2016). Innovation in the pharmaceutical industry: new estimates of RD costs.Journal of health economics,47, 20-33. Dinu, A. M. (2015). Risk Types in International Trade.Knowledge Horizons. Economics,7(1), 92. Forbes.com. (2018).Forbes Welcome.Forbes.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018, from https://www.forbes.com/2010/05/18/pfizer-corporate-culture-david-simmons-leadership-managing-innovation.html#5452583875ae Giuliani, E., Gorgoni, S., Gnther, C., Rabellotti, R. (2014). Emerging versus advanced country MNEs investing in Europe: A typology of subsidiary globallocal connections.International Business Review,23(4), 680-691. Gollnhofer, J. F., Turkina, E. (2015). Cultural distance and entry modes: implications for global expansion strategy.Cross cultural management,22(1), 21-41. Gsk.com. (2018).Governance | GSK.Gsk.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018, from https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/about-us/governance/ Hutson, E., Laing, E. (2014). Foreign exchange exposure and multinationality.Journal of Banking Finance,43, 97-113. Contractor, F. (2013). Punching above their weight The sources of competitive advantage for emerging market multinationals.International Journal of Emerging Markets,8(4), 304-328. Jaberidoost, M., Nikfar, S., Abdollahiasl, A., Dinarvand, R. (2013). Pharmaceutical supply chain risks: a systematic review.DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,21(1), 69. Kim, K. K., Park, K. S. (2014). Transferring and sharing exchange-rate risk in a risk-averse supply chain of a multinational firm.European Journal of Operational Research,237(2), 634-648. Kot, S., Dragon, P. (2015). Business risk management in international corporations.Procedia Economics and Finance,27, 102-108. Lavery, S. (2017). Defend and extend: British business strategy, EU employment policy and the emerging politics of Brexit.The British Journal of Politics and International Relations,19(4), 696-714. Musacchio, A., Lazzarini, S. G., Aguilera, R. V. (2015). New varieties of state capitalism: Strategic and governance implications.The Academy of Management Perspectives,29(1), 115-131. Pharma.elsevier.com. (2018).How will Brexit effect Multinationals and Pharmaceutical Companies?.Pharma.elsevier.com. Retrieved 1 February 2018, from https://pharma.elsevier.com/pharma-rd/how-will-brexit-effect-multinationals-and-pharmaceutical-companies/ Stahl, G. K., Tung, R. L. (2015). Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship.Journal of International Business Studies,46(4), 391-414. Tarasanski, P. (2017). Brexit: Changing Dynamics of Corporate Financial Risks, Return, and Performance: Case Companies: BP, Royal Bank of Scotland, Marks Spencer, GlaxoSmithKline, EasyJet. Wang, C. L., Chung, H. F. (2013). The moderating role of managerial ties in market orientation and innovation: An Asian perspective.Journal of Business Research,66(12), 2431-2437.

Competitive Space Technologies in US

In the twentieth century people learnt to use the outer space and enjoyed the benefits of this use. However, in the twenty-first century many states are more concerned about the fact that â€Å"the same technologies that benefit humanity are pressed into service as weapons† (Johnson-Freese and Nichols 2007, 159). The development of space technology in the USA and the U.S. Space Policy brought these concerns to the fore.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Competitive Space Technologies in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that nowadays the outer space is already inhabited by more than 500 satellites which are used for military purposes, e.g. for communication, imaging and meteorology (jonlottman 2008). The USA is one of the leaders of the space technology and it is trying to find new ways of exploring and using the outer space. In 2006 National Space Policy (NSP) was unveiled. Reporte dly, it can be regarded by other states â€Å"as highly nationalistic at best and aggressively militaristic at worst† (Johnson-Freese and Nichols 2007, 161). In fact, the new NSP â€Å"treats space as one more potential battlefield† and is aimed at defending the US national security. Nevertheless, the line between military defense and attack is almost absent especially when it deals with the outer space. Admittedly, all states try to develop their space technology to keep up with such countries as the USA, or Russia and China. For instance, Iran launched Omid satellite in February 2009 (Ballistic Missile Defense Review Report 2010). Such projects are often regarded by many states as a potential threat to the security of each country and the peace in the world. For instance, at the 2002 Carnegie International Nonproliferation Conference scientists and specialists from many countries discussed the issues of space weaponization. Weaponization is defined as â€Å"the acti ve application of force in space to either terrestrial or space based targets† (Johnson-Freese and Nichols 2007, 166). The participants of the conference revealed their concerns about the development of space technologies and their use by the USA and other countries. It was also mentioned that the U.S. policy makes other countries develop their own space technologies.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Admittedly, this can lead to space weapon proliferation and can become a real threat to humanity. In spite of the fact that the US administration officials declare that the USA is against weapon proliferation, when it deals with the space the US policy is quite inconsistent since the state â€Å"explicitly voted against† treaties â€Å"banning space weapons† (Johnson-Freese and Nichols 2007, 166). The major claim of the US officials can be expressed with the help of th e statement of Christine Rocca, U.S. Ambassador: â€Å"†¦we continue to believe that there is no arms race in space, and therefore no problem for arms control to solve† (Johnson-Freese and Nichols 2007, 167). Such position leads to certain tension. It goes without saying that weapon proliferation is a potential threat if at least one state is developing space technology in military purposes. For instance, the US policy is a kind of stimulus for other countries to develop their space technology to defend themselves from potential threats. There can be no balance in the world where some countries go further in weaponization. In conclusion, the use of space technology by the USA is often an example for other states to develop their space technology. Whereas several decades ago the outer space was used for imaging, communication and entertainment, now it is regarded as a potential battlefield. It is important to state that many countries express their concern about space wea ponization and try to work out strategies aimed at diminishing weapon proliferation. Nevertheless, it is necessary to stress that each state should follow the principles of nonproliferation and disarmament, since otherwise proliferation cannot be stopped. Reference List Ballistic Missile Defense Review Report. 2010. February,  https://www.defense.gov/ . Johnson-Freese, Joan and Thomas M. Nichols. 2007. † Space, Security, and the New Nuclear Triad.† Brown Journal of World Affairs XIV, no. 1 (Fall/Winter): 159-172.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Competitive Space Technologies in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More jonlottman. 2008. â€Å"The Proliferation Threat #6 of 6: Weapons in Space.† Youtube, July 2,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrwrR6DElRE . This essay on Competitive Space Technologies in US was written and submitted by user Leonard Nash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hygiene and Infection Control Essays

Hygiene and Infection Control Essays Hygiene and Infection Control Paper Hygiene and Infection Control Paper 1.What is the employer’s role in infection control and the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)? 1.2/5.6 Employers must provide their employees with appropriate PPE and ensure that PPE is disposed or, if reusable, that it is properly cleaned or laundered, repaired and stored after use. Employer responsibilities: requirement for employer to provide appropriate PPE according to work activities without charge to employee; to train employee as appropriate in use of PPE, reporting mechanisms. 2.What is your role in infection control and the use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)? 1.1/5.5 To use the PPE that your employer has suppliedUsing gloves and changing your gloves when dealing with personal care, toileting and dealing with bodily fluids, also to protect an open wound on your hands.Using aprons to prevent contamination passed through your clothing on to or from a person to also protect your clothes and uniform.Using hand sanitizer after washing your hands for extra protection it may also be used if you feel unsafe to touch or the is no hand washing facilities 3.List and explain some current legislation and regulations or standards that are relevant to infection control and prevention. Include those relating to PPE 2.1/5.4 The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Both employers and employees are responsible for their own actions in the workplace. All reasonable steps should be taken when carrying out your work duties and all staff should have adequate health and safety training, and measures should be taken to ensure that policies and procedures are in place and adhered to. For example, it is the employers’ responsibility to provide adequate protective equipment and the employee’s responsibility to use it appropriately The Public Health (Control of Diseases) Act 1984 Provides information on the legal requirements for the reporting of contagious or infectious diseases, for example, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis, HIV and Legionella. Food Safety Act 1990 The requirements of this act apply to any area where food is prepared, stored or eaten. Control is required to ensure that the risks of any infection, as a result of bad handling of food, are minimised. Keep themselves and their workplace clean Wear suitable clean, washable or disposable, protective clothing Protect food from any possible contamination Abide by regulations setting out safe temperature controls for storage, preparation and display of food Inform their employer of any illness which may affect their safe handling of food. 4,What is your organisational policy called? Describe the main points of this policy and some of the procedures that you have to follow. 2.2/3.1 Health and safety polices are in the policies and procedures it tell us about what to do to prevent infection control it tells us how to put gloves on and how to wash our hands also there are posters up in the toilets, how to tie our hair up, cleaning equipment, how to deal with waste and how and when to take special precautions and how not to spread infection. Organisational procedures are normally found in written form in the employee’s manual and in the policies and procedures. 5.What would be the potential impact of an outbreak of infection upon individuals and the organisation? 3.2 Cost implication, staff sickness levels, reduction in patient and public confidence, litigation, not delivering regulatory standards ; on employees; loss of confidence in organisation, loss of earnings, fear of risk of infection and infecting family members. 6.List some potential risks of infection in the workplace 4.2 Potential risks of infection: risk of illness and death particularly (the very old, people with illness or health problems); risk to staff of illness especially those involved in high risk activities (nursing those with infection, contact with bodily fluids which may be contaminated), environments where food preparation is carried out or where the disposal of hazardous waste is carried out’ 7,Describe the process of carrying out a risk assessment. 4.3 Risk assessment process: idetifying hazards; assessing risks; eliminating risks where possible; reducing risks where they cannot be eliminated; recording the risk assessment process; disseminating findings to all concerned, regular reviews of risks to ensure suitable controls are in place; reporting of outbreaks of infectious or notifiable diseases; risk assessment as a continuous process which is the responsibility of organisations and individuals 8.Why is it important to carry out risk assessments in relation to infection prevention and control? Give an example of this in your workplace 4.4 Importance of risk assessment: legal requirement of health and safety legislation to carry out and document risk assessment; proven safe way to control infection if implemented properly by all staff Exanples of Gloves and Aprons Plastic disposable gloves aprons should be worn whenever there is a possibility of contact with blood/body fluids. A separate one should be worn for each occasion of care given to each individual resident. Never reuse or wash single-use disposable glovesaprons. Change gloves and aprons between caring for different residents, and between different tasks for the same resident, if necessary to prevent cross-contamination. Removal of gloves and aprons Remove gloves and apron promptly after use by turning the outer contaminated side inward and rolling into a ball. Dispose of immediately into a pedal operated bin. Wash hands. 9.What type of PPE do you use and when may be used? 5.2/5.3 Types of PPE: single use such as plastic aprons, gloves, face masks etc re-usable such as uniforms Reasons for PPE: protection of staff; protection of service users/patients; prevention of cross infection between individuals 10.Describe how you apply, use, remove and dispose of PPE? 5.5/5.7/5.8 Correct use of PPE including application and removal; using appropriate PPE for work activity; preparation for use Disposal: appropriate disposal of single use items e.g. in clinical/hazardous waste where appropriate; preparation of re-usable items for re-use e.g. sending to laundry appropriately labelled etc: following policies, procedures and guidelines. Example for the Using , Removing and Disposal of gloves- Putting on: Select correct glove size and type. Perform hand hygiene. Pull to cover wrists. Taking off: Grasp the outside of the glove with the opposite gloved hand and peel off. Hold the removed glove in the gloved hand. Slot your finger under the lip of the remaining glove and peel it off, taking care not touch the contaminated outer surface. Dispose of the gloves in the clinical waste bin. Perform hand hygiene. 11.List some good principles of personal hygiene? 6.1 Good personal hygiene: importance of personal hygiene in infection control; personal hygiene routines when preparing for work eg hair washing, fingernails; situations of personal and family illness which could increase infection risks at work; absence reporting procedure, and healthcare checks required before returning to work following illness; vaccinations required for work; appropriate clothing for different work areas; appropriate footwear; how to care for work wear; reasons for restrictions on wearing make-up and jewellery; effective hair care

Belief in People and Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Belief in People and Team - Essay Example As a leader, one realizes that one has to focus on that common interest to make sure that the organization functioned effectively. As Dr. Bennis has pointed out in his writings, it is essential that the leader create a sense of mission (ASAE Foundation, 2004). That is exactly what one did to keep the organization to a good start. The group started out by defining the mission and vision statements. One had to make sure that everyone in the organization believed in the objectives that were set. One knew that as the leader of the group, one has to rally them towards the attainment of the goals. The next step was to engage and motivate the members (ASAE Foundation, 2004). The problem that one faced is how to motivate each one of them. One realized that to be able to motivate them it is essential that one gets acquainted with each individual and uncover what drives them into action. One has to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of each member to be able to assign them to jobs which wi ll put their talents and skills to their best use. This is a point which Dr. Bennis emphasized in his book, that is, a leader should determine the highest potential of each member (1994). One did this by letting each member fill out a questionnaire where they were asked their qualifications, interests, talents and hobbies. After going through the form, one got an idea which person may be appointed to do a certain duty. As a leader, one got to know his members better and identified the things that motivate them. Another unforgettable experience that one had about leading the organization was when one had to introduce changes in the previous system established by the past president. The past president required that each member report directly to him about the donations that were gathered for the projects of the group. One believed that the organization would function better if they were divided into groups which were

Sex Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sex Crime - Essay Example "After a three-year period of consultation with those dealing with crimes and sexual offences, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 came into force on 1 May 2004" (The Office for Criminal Justice Reform, 2006, p.12). The sexual offences act, 2003 has revealed a detailed discussion as regards consent in regard to rape. The Law Lords overturned this common law idea that marriage means a man has a 'continual' consent from his wife for sexual activity at any time (R v. R [1992]). Thomas (2005) describes as "[t]his was later brought into statute in 1994, now in Sexual offences Act 2003" (p.11). The present paper is intended to justify whether the guidance of consent as provided in the said enactment is proper or warrants further explanation and amendment. The Sexual Offences Act, 2003 has been designed to make the process easier and convenient for prosecuting people who use physical force to others for having sex despite the unwillingness of the other party. The legislation provides that a person would not be charged with the offence if he or she intends to protect a child from sexually transmitted infection, from physical safety of the child or from becoming pregnant. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 has made a greater legal protection for victims by clarifying the law on consent. Section 1 of the Act states, a person commits an offence of rape if he intentionally penetrates to the vagina, anus or mouth of another person despite her reluctance. The phraseology "reasonable belief" as enunciated in section 1 is determined in regard to the particular context of a given circumstance. Section 74 of the Act defines consent as stating that a person is presumed to give consent if he agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make tha t choice. Section 75 provides a list of circumstances where it may be considered that the victim or complainant did not consent to the said sexual interaction. From a perusal of section 76, it is clear that if (a) the defendant intentionally deceive the complainant as to the nature or purpose of the relevant act; or (b) the defendant intentionally induce the complainant to consent to the relevant act, it is presumed that the victim did not give his or her consent. As per the provisions of section 79(2) penetration is a continuing act from entry to withdrawal and if the victim consents to penetration but withdraws consent after penetration, the accused must withdraw his penis immediately.Consent in the sexual offences ActConsent must be obtained peacefully and without the use of force or violence. If it is obtained by force, threat or inducement or any other unlawful means, said consent would be declared as void and illegal. The meaning of the term "consent" as given in the Sexual offence act, 2003 is an aiding tool for the juries in deciding whether the victim was able to give or did actually give his or her consent to the said sexual transaction. In this connection, the defendant must show that his belief in consent was reasonable and obtained in due manner and a jury must consider all the circumstances including any step which he has taken to ascertain in determining whether the vi